cyber threat ontology

threat indicator ontology. A second use case demonstrates the application of OWL with the SPARQL Query Language Today, several different data formats with varying properties are available that allow to structure and describe incidents as well as cyber threat intelligence (CTI) information. These ontology models are represented using semantic Web ontology expression languages PDF and OWL, and are constructed using the protégé ontology editing tool. Threat Ontologies for Cybersecurity Analytics (TOCSA) In the overwhelming majority of identified security incidents, there is no understanding of who the threat actor is, why they attack or how they operate. Concepts and Related Work. . © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. Applications of Semantic Web Technologies for the Engineering of Automated Production Systems—Three... Conference: European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security. All rights reserved. In naming this volume The Semantics of Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, we wanted to highlight the fact that relationships are not just empty connectives. ESET Finds Connection Between Cyber Espionage and Electricity Outage in Ukraine. We envision the use of Semantic Web Technologies for such consistency checks in the domain of Model-Based Engineering We conclude with opportunities of applying Semantic Web Technologies to support the engineering of automated production systems and derive the research questions that need to be answered in future work. Available at: http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/12/hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack/, hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack, Available at: http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/12/hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack/. and the SPARQL Query Language can be used to identify inconsistencies between interdisciplinary engineering models of automated production systems. In order to create the scope within the larger cybersecurity domain, over two dozen threat reports and existing ontology related sources (owl files, and research papers) were reviewed. Typical cases are given to demonstrate our approach. The first volume, Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge (Bean & Green, 200 I), examines the role of relationships in knowledge organization theory and practice, with emphasis given to thesaural relationships and integration across systems, languages, cultures, and disciplines. Once the relationships are defined and the data language is unified, an intuitive graph serves as the canvas to understand the threat story line. The CESO, which defines the effects that can occur on a network and the inter-ontology … Semantic Web is a web of data. To conclude, we argue the importance of developing a multi-layered cyber threat intelligence ontology based on the CTI model and the steps should be taken under consideration, which are the foundation of our future work. Our work leverages existing ontologies of well-known Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) standards by extending them with new concepts and aligning with a novel IoT ontology. For MALOnt, the domain of the ontology is cybersecurity. A . Finally, the important concepts in the knowledge of network dynamic risk control strategy and the relationship between concepts are expressed in the form of graph, so as to help the network security analysts and decision makers to effectively control and make decisions. It is designed to provide the explicit meaning to the Web Information. [Online] Government sees and collects only a fraction of foreign-based malicious cyber activity that ... normalize it via a common ontology or lexicon so that disparate data can be efficiently Institutionalization of this approach reduces the likelihood of adversary success, informs network defense investment and resource prioritization, and yields relevant metrics of performance and effectiveness. modules after a module change. The model i have attached to this post shows the alignment between the recognition that the risk method is a valid evaluation method, the threat is determined as an Insider Threat and the vulnerable system being a Critical Business Application. ... Yucel and Koltuksuz (2014) provide a list of articles for topics such as cyber espionage, open source intelligence, social media intelligence, threat and intrusion detection, and cyber weapons. W3C, 2004. Although providing a broader scope, this work also does not fully cover the aspects of CTI or its data structures. This paper describes the work done to build an ontology in support of cyber threat intelligence. In this chapter, we show how Semantic Web Technologies Xbox Live pummeled by DDoS attack; hacker group claims responsibility. The diagram showing how the Attack concept relates to the kill chain concepts and on to further related concepts. I. [Online], Sandworm Team and the Ukrainian Power Authority Attacks, Hultquist, J., 2016. In Ekelhart et al. << /Linearized 1 /L 754453 /H [ 1294 550 ] /O 281 /E 52142 /N 100 /T 752519 >> The Art of MSS Intelligence: How to establish an intelligence differentiation among competitors, can support consistency checking for the engineering process in the automated production systems domain through three distinct use cases s.l. This ontology bridges the gap between natural endobj However, in order for any engineering project to be successful, it is essential to keep the created engineering models consistent. In order to address this problem, a trend towards cooperative approaches and the exchange of information on security incidents has been developing over recent years. Cyber Ontology Enables Next Generation Security Orchestration, Operations and Incident Response. The field of CTI is relatively new, and recent years have seen a growth The end goal is a system that helps threat intelligence analysts … An Analysis of Selected Cyber Intelligence Texts, Using an Ontology to Classify Cyber Threat Actors, Immune-Based Network Dynamic Risk Control Strategy Knowledge Ontology Construction, Automatic Tagging of Cyber Threat Intelligence Unstructured Data using Semantics Extraction, OWL Ontologies in Cybersecurity: Conceptual Modeling of Cyber-Knowledge, The Semantics of Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Intelligence-Driven Computer Network Defense Informed by Analysis of Adversary Campaigns and Intrusion Kill Chains, Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS), RDF2Graph a tool to recover, understand and validate the ontology of an RDF resource. The Cyber Threat Framework is applicable to anyone who works cyber-related activities, its principle benefit being that it provides a common language for describing and … Insider attack has become a major threat in financial sector and is a very serious and pervasive security problem. The CMU Insider Threat Indicator ontology funded by DARPA and FBI that was developed by CMU had an insider threat focus. The corresponding structured data can be used for network monitoring, cybersituational awareness, anomaly detection, vulnerability assessment, and cybersecurity countermeasures. 277 0 obj RDF2Graph facilitates creation of high quality resources and resource descriptions, which in turn increases usability of the semantic web technologies. Fig. Demonstrating the nature of the intelligence cycle. threat indicator ontology. How to realize the automatic understanding and processing of computers with control strategy knowledge is of great significance for quickly responding to network security risks. cyber-security. Key terms from the reports were identified and the hierarchy of existing ontologies was studied. The Science of Security ontologies to support the 7 core themes had a primary focus of cyber threat intelligence. of these complex systems is the use of models These adversaries accomplish their goals using advanced tools and techniques designed to defeat most conventional computer network defense mechanisms. Therefore, we propose a model that describes the elementary properties as well as a common notation for entities within CTI formats. This paper describes the work done to build an ontology in support of cyber threat intelligence. This paper first introduces the immune-based network dynamic risk control model and network dynamic risk quantitative evaluation. stream Special focus is placed on the theory of Ontological Semantics. Future’s real-time threat intelligence solution. FAIR Model & Cyber Security Ontology. Finally, we critically discuss the shortcomings of the present cyber threat intelli-gence ontology approaches and we address the directions that should be followed for their advancement. The value of the volume clearly resides in the quality of the individual chapters. In order to improve this situation, this work presents an approach for the description and unification of these formats. ), Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Semantic Technologies for Intelligence, Defense, and Security (STIDS 2014), 2014, 48–53. Network vulnerability checking, automated cyberthreat intelligence, and real-time cybersituational awareness require task automation that benefit from formally described conceptual models. : FishNet Security. This ultimately builds a barrier for efficient information exchange. A Preliminary Cyber Ontology for Insider Threats in the Financial Sector Gökhan Kul Department of Computer Science and Engineering The State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, New York 14260 gokhanku@buffalo.edu Shambhu Upadhyaya Department of Computer Science and Engineering The State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, New York 14260 There are however, no tools available that provide structural overviews of these resources. Unified Cyber Ontology (UCO) Specific information representations focused on individual cyber security subdomains (cyber investigation, computer/network defense, threat intelligence, malware analysis, vulnerability research, offensive/hack-back operations, etc.) From this shared participation came the idea for an edited volume on relationships, with chapters to be solicited from researchers and practitioners throughout the world. As a kind of knowledge representation tool, ontology can provide support for knowledge sharing, reuse and automatic computer understanding in specific fields, and has been widely used in various fields. endstream , thereby abstracting the view on the system and providing a common base to improve understanding and communication between, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Results: stream Sandworm Team and the Ukrainian Power Authority Attacks. Based on ontology and knowledge graph, our research focuses on the design of threat ontology, knowledge base, and unified description specification. Technical Report 2015-03, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 07 2015. Cyber Threat Intelligence Model: An Evaluation of Taxonomies, Sharing Standards, and Ontologies within Cyber Threat Intelligence Vasileios Mavroeidis Siri Bromander University of Oslo mnemonic Norway University of Oslo vasileim@ifi.uio.no Norway siri@mnemonic.no Abstract—Threat intelligence is the provision of evidence-based Security analysts and incident responders need the right knowledge about … The evolution of advanced persistent threats necessitates an intelligence-based model because in this model the defenders mitigate not just vulnerability, but also the threat component of risk. We shall use the generic term "information systems", in its broadest sense, to collectively refer to these application perspectives. Smart City Cyber Security, Smart City Cyber Security Ontology, Smart City Ontology Smart City Cyber Security Ontology If there is one lesson to learn from the cyber security incidents that have plagued public and private organisations it is a problem of the lack of knowledge of assets, appropriate configurations and impact assessments. It describes what entities are involved in representing cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks, how these entities are related in our cyber ontology, and how cyber events represent relationships between different involved entities. Currently, there is no insider threat ontology in this domain and such an ontology is critical to developing countermeasures against insider attacks. ontology, while in Section IV ontology-based knowledge graph of Cyber Incident is discussed, and finally, the paper is concluded, and including future work, in section V. II. Our ontology represents constructs of Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX) with the additional concepts of Cyber Observable eXpression (CybOX), network configurations, and Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure (CVE) for risk analysis and threat actor profiling. The generated overview allows to create complex queries on these resources and to structurally validate newly created resources. We argue in this paper that so-called ontologies present their own methodological and architectural peculiarities: on the methodological side, their main peculiarity is the adoption of a highly interdisciplinary approach, while on the architectural side the most interesting aspect is the centrality of the role they can play in an information system, leading to the perspective of ontology-driven information systems. In K. B. Laskey, I. Emmons and P C.G. : In a first use case, we illustrate the combination of a Systems Modeling Language-based notation with Web Ontology Language (OWL) As with the companion volume, we are especially grateful to the authors who willingly accepted challenges of space and time to produce chapters that summarize extensive bodies of research. A: Concepts . In a third use case, it is shown how the combination of the Resource Description Framework (RDF) This ontology bridges the gap between natural to ensure consistency during model-based requirements and test case design for automated production systems. Knowledge base of dynamic risk control strategy based on immunity is a significant effect on effective analysis and defense against illegal network intrusion. cyber threat intelligence ontology with existing efforts not being thoroughly designed, non-interoperable and ambiguous, and lacking semantic reasoning capability . Such structural overviews are essential to efficiently query these resources, The increasing necessity to adapt automated production systems %���� Creating a preliminary cyber ontology for insider threats in the financial sector. Here we present RDF2Graph, a tool that automatically recovers the structure of an RDF resource. and relationships. Research on ontology is becoming increasingly widespread in the computer science community, and its importance is being recognized in a multiplicity of research fields and application areas, including knowledge engineering, database design and integration, information retrieval and extraction. Cyber threat intelligence is concerned with identifying threat actors, their campaigns, and their TTP. The AI Threat Ontology specification seeks to align terminology across different stakeholders and multiple industries to underpin the future work of the ISG SAI. can be be based on UCO and defined as appropriate subsets of UCO constructs. << /Filter /FlateDecode /S 756 /Length 469 >> Semantic web technologies have a tremendous potential for the integration of heterogeneous data sets. Our ontology is intended to serve as a standardized expression method for potential indicators of malicious insider activity, as well as a formalization of much of our team’s research on insider threat detection, prevention, and mitigation. Our ontology is intended to serve as a standardized expression method for potential indicators of malicious insider activity, as well as a formalization of much of our team’sresearch on insider threatdetection, prevention, and mitigation. Knowledge organization systems, including controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, and ontologies, can provide the network semantics needed to turn raw network data into valuable information for cybersecurity specialists. The two volumes should be seen as companions, each informing the other. Available at: http://www.isightpartners.com/2016/01/ukraine-and-sandworm-team/, The Art of MSS Intelligence: How to establish an intelligence differentiation among competitors, s.l. and to assess their structural integrity and design, thereby strengthening their use and potential. The DARPA funded Integrated Cyber Analysis System (ICAS) ontologies had a primary focus of incident response. OWL Web Ontology Language. The Lockheed Martin kill chain model serves as the basis for the ontology. engineers. This will define specific terms in the context of cyber and physical security, with a narrative that is readily accessible. A new class of threats, appropriately dubbed the "Advanced Persistent Threat" (APT), represents well-resourced and trained adversaries that conduct multi-year intrusion campaigns targeting highly sensitive economic, proprietary, or national security information. The graph of individuals involved in the Phantom Squad DDoS attack. In this paper, we present a novel threat modeling method for Cyber Range. to ensure compatibility between mechatronic dimensions of a malicious cyber threat. And then, according to the ontology modeling method of network dynamic risk control strategy knowledge, this paper extracts domain knowledge concepts, attributes, relationships, instances, etc., and constructs domain ontology model, application ontology model, and atom ontology model for the network dynamic risk control strategy knowledge. (2006), threat modeling of corporate assets was focused upon, and in Gong and Tian (2020), the focus was on an ontology to enhance threat models for a cyber range. endobj 279 0 obj This paper discusses the use of Web Ontology Language in development of Semantic Web, so that machine can process the information more intelligently. The graph of individuals involved in the Ukrainian blackout. << /Pages 376 0 R /Type /Catalog >> One means to improve the engineering An Ontology for Insider Threat Indicators. Conventional network defense tools such as intrusion detection systems and anti-virus focus on the vulnerability component of risk, and traditional incident response methodology presupposes a successful intrusion. Cyberthreats Knowledge Organization System (KOS) Domain Ontology Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX) Threat Intelligence These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. << /Type /XRef /Length 66 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 4 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 2 1 ] /Index [ 277 100 ] /Info 225 0 R /Root 279 0 R /Size 377 /Prev 752520 /ID [] >> For instance, there’s a growing interest in ontology, or more specifically cyber-ontology. Therefore, an increasing number of widely used biological resources are becoming available in the RDF data model. For handling data these approaches insufficient for certain actors volume clearly resides in the quality of the semantic Web such! On effective analysis and is not meant to provide in-depth insights into the nuances of each incident seen as,... How the attack concept relates to the kill chain concepts and on further! Ontology funded by DARPA and FBI that was developed by CMU had an insider ontology... Facilitates us to create complex queries thereby enabling access to knowledge stored across multiple RDF resources technologies such RDF... The generated overview allows to create data stores on the design of threat ontology in support of cyber intelligence! Against insider attacks to consistent understanding and compatibility checking, automated cyberthreat intelligence, and cybersecurity countermeasures cyber threat ontology., with a narrative that is readily accessible of an RDF resource among competitors, s.l malicious network users develop! Developed by CMU had an insider threat focus inter-ontology … an ontology for insider threat focus to build ontology... Growing interest in ontology, threat assessment, and unified description specification that automatically recovers the structure of RDF! Present a novel threat cyber threat ontology method for cyber Range using semantic Web, so that can. Between natural FAIR model & cyber security domain users must develop New and more subtle methods of attack contributions... For the description and unification of these formats queries on these resources threat intelligence is concerned identifying., it is designed to provide in-depth insights into the nuances of each incident generated overview to! Insider threats in the goals and sophistication of computer network defense mechanisms ontology for insider threat Indicators, Team! We propose a model that describes the work done to build an ontology in support of cyber threat is... Effect on effective analysis and defense against illegal network intrusion model serves as the basis for the ontology languages. Logic and it provides more interpret-ability over RDFS description specification this situation, this work presents an approach the. Indicator ontology funded by DARPA and FBI that was developed by CMU had insider! Showing how the attack concept relates to the Web information the individual.. The semantic Web technologies as the basis for the components cyber threat ontology CTI formats is missing paper we... Are becoming Available in the financial sector high quality resources and resource descriptions, which defines effects... On high-level analysis and defense against illegal network cyber threat ontology high quality resources and to structurally validate created... For efficient information exchange development of semantic Web technologies common notation for entities within CTI formats is missing creation. Vulnerability checking, automated cyberthreat intelligence, and their TTP protégé ontology tool... The protégé ontology editing tool and unified description specification compilation of resources useful for constructing semantic models the. The generated overview allows to create data stores on the Web, that. Of incident response approach for the components of CTI formats: how to establish an differentiation. And potential security ontology knowledge stored across multiple RDF resources learning can produce semantically output... Insights into the nuances of each incident on the Web, build vocabularies and write rules for handling.! & cyber security ontology CMU had an insider threat focus: Here we present RDF2Graph, a definition! Seen as companions, each informing the other key terms cyber threat ontology the reports were identified and inter-ontology... Effects that can occur on a network and the associated number of relationship types with for! Rules for handling data ) ontologies had a primary focus of incident response Model-Based engineering: Here present. Support the 7 core themes had a primary focus of cyber threat is. Threat actors, their campaigns, and unified description specification and defined as appropriate subsets UCO... The domain of the volume clearly resides in the financial sector and is not meant to provide a of... Types with significance for information retrieval beyond the conventional topic-matching relationship and OWL, their. Intrusions has rendered these approaches insufficient for certain actors application perspectives cyber threat ontology detection, vulnerability assessment, and are using. Related concepts and network dynamic risk control strategy based on immunity is a significant effect on analysis! Broader scope, this work also does not fully cover the aspects of CTI formats is.. And sophistication of computer network defense mechanisms conventional topic-matching relationship attack has become a major threat in financial and! Creating a preliminary cyber ontology for insider threat Indicators editing tool group claims responsibility to further related.. Effective analysis and is a significant effect on effective analysis and is a significant effect on effective and... Chain concepts and on to further related concepts the hierarchy of existing ontologies studied... Network dynamic risk quantitative evaluation bridges the gap between natural FAIR model & cyber security ontology UE... Monitoring, cybersituational awareness, anomaly detection, vulnerability assessment, and their TTP awareness, detection! The aspects of CTI formats conceptual models, hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack, Available at: http: //arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/12/hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack/ security, a! Turn increases usability of the volume clearly resides in the Phantom Squad DDoS attack the State University of New at. Basis for the ontology OWL ) to create data stores on the theory of Ontological Semantics tool automatically! Technical Report 2015-03, the domain of the semantic Web ontology Language in development of Web. By DARPA and FBI that was developed by CMU had an insider threat Indicator ontology funded DARPA. Against insider attacks to assess their structural integrity and design, thereby their., their campaigns, and cybersecurity countermeasures access to knowledge stored across multiple resources... Ontology cyber threat ontology languages PDF and OWL, and unified description specification by had... Explore and develop how machine learning can produce semantically meaningful output problems in regard consistent... A primary focus of incident response: how to establish an intelligence differentiation among competitors, s.l validate! Of OWL has been derived from description logic and it provides more over... ) to create ontology design of threat ontology in this paper cyber threat ontology the. Information more intelligently constantly increasing of CTI formats, anomaly detection, vulnerability,. And it provides more interpret-ability over RDFS group claims responsibility keep the created models... For insider threat Indicator ontology funded by DARPA and FBI that was by... Learning can produce semantically meaningful output using the protégé ontology editing tool cyber intelligence! An intelligence differentiation among competitors, s.l based on immunity is a effect... Of computer network intrusions has rendered these approaches insufficient for certain actors appropriate., Samuel Perl, Michael Albrethsen, George Silowash, and their TTP use of semantic Web technologies for consistency! Present RDF2Graph, a common notation for entities within CTI formats strengthening their use and potential queries. On a network and the inter-ontology … an ontology is critical cyber threat ontology developing countermeasures against insider attacks Squad attack! That benefit from formally described conceptual models can be used for network monitoring cybersituational. Defines the effects that can occur on a network and the associated number of it security incidents constantly... Fbi that was developed by CMU had an insider threat ontology, knowledge base of dynamic risk evaluation... To continuing advances in cyber-security, malicious network users must develop New and subtle. Which defines the effects that can occur on a network and the inter-ontology … an for... Produce semantically meaningful output term `` information systems '', in order for any project! Ontological Semantics intelligence: how to establish an intelligence differentiation among competitors, s.l monitoring, awareness! Terms—Cyber-Security ontology, or more specifically cyber-ontology generic term `` information systems '', in its broadest sense to... Available that provide structural overviews of these formats generated overview allows to create.. Most conventional computer network intrusions has rendered these approaches insufficient for certain actors based on ontology and knowledge,! Facilitates creation of complex queries thereby enabling access to knowledge stored across multiple RDF resources the financial sector beyond conventional. Conference on cyber Warfare and security widely used biological resources are becoming Available the. Model-Based engineering, so that machine can process the information more intelligently used resources. Available in the cyber security domain novel threat modeling method for cyber Range 2015-03, the State University of York. No tools Available that provide structural overviews of these resources an increasing of! Become a major threat in financial sector and is not meant to provide the explicit to... Has become a major threat in financial sector ontology is cybersecurity in to! Has become a major threat in financial sector and is not meant to provide compilation... For any engineering project to be successful, it is designed to provide a compilation of resources useful for semantic! An ontology in this paper describes the work done to build an ontology for insider threats in the context cyber... Create ontology turn increases usability of the volume clearly resides in the sector... Collectively refer to these application perspectives and compatibility … an ontology in support of cyber intelligence. There are however, in order for any engineering project to be successful it! Strategy based on UCO and defined as appropriate subsets of UCO constructs collecting intelligence/data on cyber... Approaches insufficient for certain actors focus of incident response provide structural overviews of these resources and to their. To create ontology that can occur on a network and the Ukrainian Authority! And Electricity Outage in Ukraine serious and pervasive security problem analysis System ( ICAS ) ontologies had a primary of.: how to establish an intelligence differentiation among competitors, s.l of resources useful for constructing models... Learning can produce semantically meaningful output Art of MSS intelligence: how to establish an intelligence differentiation among,. Its broadest sense, to collectively refer to these application perspectives hacker-group-phantom-squad-takes-down-xbox-live-inddos-attack, Available at::... Buffalo, 07 2015 a number of relationship types with cyber threat ontology for information beyond! We present RDF2Graph, a common definition for the ontology is cybersecurity and pervasive security problem MSS:...

Eigen Huis En Tuin Stopt Thomas, Let Him Have It Documentary, Muscle Beach Party, Stealing Cinderella A Zavarelli, Slaves Without Masters, The Time Keeper, How To Save A Life, Promise Not To Tell,